Meaning
以 is a highly versatile classical Chinese particle that survives in modern Mandarin primarily in formal expressions and fixed patterns. It typically introduces the means, method, or reason for an action. While rare as a standalone verb meaning 'to use' in spoken Chinese, it appears frequently in written Chinese and set phrases.
Usage
以 is mostly found in formal writing, idioms, and set expressions rather than casual speech. Common patterns include 以...为... (to regard...as...), 可以 (can), 所以 (therefore), and 以及 (as well as). Native speakers rarely use 以 alone in conversation, preferring 用 for 'to use' or 因为 for 'because'.
Examples
- 01我们应该以诚待人。.We should treat people with sincerity.
- 02他以优异的成绩毕业了。.He graduated with excellent grades.
Common collocations
- 以...为.........to regard...as...
- 以前before, previously
- 以后after, later
- 以及as well as, and
Origin
以 originally depicted a person (人) being used or employed for a purpose in oracle bone script. It evolved to mean 'to use' and 'by means of', becoming one of the most common function words in classical Chinese.